翻译
冯唯唯
Nature, 27 June 2022, Volume 570 Issue7762
《自然》2022年6月27日，第570卷7762期
仿生学Bionic Science
Flight of theRoboBee
机器蜂的飞行
作者：Noah T. Jafferis, E. Farrell Helbling, Michael Karpelson和Robert J. Wood
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01964-3
摘要：
无论物体的大小如何，飞行一个比空气重的物体都需要耗费大量的能量，但在非常小的尺度上，这一挑战会加剧，因为需要集成轻量级组件来提供必要的电子设备和推进力。
这意味着，大多数昆虫大小的飞行器都是靠外部电源飞行的。
在这一期《自然》杂志中，Noah Jafferis、Farrell Helbling和同事介绍了一种能够自由飞行的昆虫大小的飞行器。
这款飞行器重量仅为90毫克，它有四个翅膀，由两个压电驱动器驱动，携带一个60毫克的光伏阵列和一个91毫克的信号发生器，这使它的推力效率与同样大小的昆虫相当。
Abstract
Flying an object heavier than air is energetically expensive no matter what the size, but this challenge is exacerbated at very small scales because of the need to integrate lightweight components to provide the necessary electronics and propulsion. This means that most insect-size vehicles fly tethered to an off-board power supply. In this week’s issue, Noah Jafferis, Farrell Helbling and their colleagues introduce RoboBee X-Wing, an aerial vehicle the size of an insect that is capable of untethered flight. Weighing just 90 milligrams, RoboBee X-Wing has four wings driven by two piezoelectric actuators and carries a 60-mg photovoltaic array and a 91-mg signal generator, giving it a thrust efficiency matching that of similarly sized insects.
微生物学Microbiology
Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes
利用肠道细菌及其基因绘制人类微生物组药物代谢图谱
作者：Michael Zimmermann, Maria Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, Rebekka Wegmann和Andrew L. Goodman
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1291-3
摘要：
个体对药物的反应差异很大，由于治疗延迟和副作用，可能带来危险以及花费不菲。
越来越多的证据表明肠道微生物群参与了这种变化性，但其中涉及的分子机制在很大程度上仍不明确。
作者通过测量76种不同分支的人类肠道细菌代谢271种口服药物的能力，表明许多药物是由微生物进行化学修饰的。
作者将高通量基因分析与质谱相结合，系统地鉴定了代谢药物的微生物基因产物。这些微生物编码酶可以直接且实质性地影响小鼠肠道和全身药物代谢，并可以根据其基因组含量解释人类肠道细菌和群落的药物代谢活动。
这些基因含量和微生物群代谢活动之间的因果关系将微生物群中的人际差异与药物代谢中的人际差异联系起来，对医学治疗和药物开发具有广泛的意义。
Abstract
Inpiduals vary widely in their responses to medicinal drugs, which can be dangerous and expensive owing to treatment delays and adverse effects. Although increasing evidence implicates the gut microbiome in this variability, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here we show, by measuring the ability of 76 human gut bacteria from perse clades to metabolize 271 orally administered drugs, that many drugs are chemically modified by micro organisms. We combined high-throughput genetic analyses with mass spectrometry to systematically identify microbial gene products that metabolize drugs. These microbiome-encoded enzymes can directly and substantially affect intestinal and systemic drug metabolism in mice, and can explain the drug-metabolizing activities of human gut bacteria and communities on the basis of their genomic contents. These causal links between the gene content and metabolic activities of the microbiota connect interpersonal variability in microbiomes to interpersonal differences in drug metabolism, which has implications for medical therapy and drug development across multiple disease indications.
生态学Ecology
Global analysis of streamflow response to forest management
森林管理水流响应的全球分析
作者：Jaivime Evaristo和Jeffrey J. McDonnell
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1306-0
摘要：
预测水流量对森林管理变化的响应是水资源可持续调节的基础。然而，对森林覆盖变化的研究产生的结果却并不清晰，而且相关结果基本上无法预测。
作者编制了一个全球森林管理研究的全面和空间分布数据库，以评估控制森林种植和砍伐的水流响应的因素。
为了解释森林砍伐和种植对水量的影响，作者引入了一个从植被到基岩的模型，其中包括7个关键的景观因素。结果表明，景观中蓄水量是预测森林径流响应最重要的因子，而蒸发蒸腾损失是预测森林植被径流响应最重要的因子。
研究结果影响了全球不同地质和气候区域的气候变化减缓计划的模型参数化，并为水资源的可持续管理提供了实践依据。
Abstract
Predicting the responses of streamflow to changes in forest management is fundamental to the sustainable regulation of water resources. However, studies of changes in forest cover have yielded unclear and largely unpredictable results. Here we compile a comprehensive and spatially distributed database of forest-management studies worldwide, to assess the factors that control streamflow response to forest planting and removal. We introduce a vegetation-to-bedrock model that includes seven key landscape factors in order to explain the impacts of forest removal and planting on water yield.We show that the amount of water stored in a landscape is the most important factor in predicting streamflow response to forest removal, whereas the loss of water through evaporation and transpiration is the most important factor in predicting streamflow response to forest planting. Our findings affect model parameterizations in climate change mitigation schemes(involving, for example, afforestation or deforestation) in different geologicand climate regions around the world, and inform practices for the sustainable management of water resources.
机器学习Machine learning
Machine learning in electronic-quantum-matter imaging experiments
电子—量子—物质成像实验中的机器学习
作者：Yi Zhang, A. Mesaros, K. Fujita, S. D. Edkins, M. H. Hamidian, Eun-Ah Kim, etc.
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1319-8
摘要：
数个世纪以来，科学发现的过程建立在人类对自然现象的系统观察和分析基础上。然而，今天自动化仪器和大规模数据采集正在生成如此庞大和复杂的数据集，这是对传统科学方法的挑战。
当前迫切需要完全不同的科学方法，而机器学习（ML）在材料科学等研究领域显示出巨大的前景。
鉴于ML在分析表示电子量子物质的合成数据（EQM）方面的成功性，下一个挑战是将这种方法应用于实验数据，例如，从EQM的原子尺度可视化中获得的复杂电子结构图像阵列。
作者报告了一套人工神经网络（ANNs）的开发和训练，该网络旨在识别隐藏在诸如EQM图像阵列中不同类型的顺序。这些ANNs被用于分析从掺杂氧化铜Mott绝缘子实验中导出的EQM图像阵列的存档。
在这些嘈杂而复杂的数据中，ANNs发现了“一种网格匹配的、四单元细胞周期的、平移对称破坏”的EQM状态的存在。
此外，ANNs确定了这种状态是单向的，揭示了一种一致的向列相EQM状态。电子液晶的强耦合理论与这些观测结果是一致的。
Abstract
For centuries, the scientific discovery process has been based on systematic human observation and analysis of natural phenomena. Today, however, automated instrumentation and large-scale data acquisition are generating datasets of such large volume and complexity as to defy conventional scientific methodology. Radically different scientific approaches are needed, and machine learning (ML) shows great promise for research fields such as materials science. Given the success of ML in the analysis of synthetic data representing electronic quantum matter (EQM), the next challenge is to apply this approach to experimental data—for example, to the arrays of complex electronic-structure images obtained from atomic-scale visualization of EQM. Here we report the development and training of a suite of artificial neural networks (ANNs) designed to recognize different types of order hidden in such EQM image arrays. These ANNs are used to analyse an archive of experimentally derived EQM image arrays from carrier-doped copper oxide Mott insulators. In these noisy and complex data, the ANNs discover the existence of a lattice-commensurate, four-unit-cell periodic, translational-symmetry-breaking EQM state. Further, the ANNs determine that this state is unidirectional, revealing a coincident nematic EQM state. Strong-coupling theories of electronic liquid crystals are consistent with these observations.
遗传学Genetics
Genetic analyses of perse populations improves discovery for complex traits
不同种群遗传分析提高对复杂性状的发现
作者：Genevieve L. Wojcik, Mariaelisa Graff, Christopher S. Carlso, etc.
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1310-4
摘要：
全基因组关联研究（GWAS）为了解复杂性状的生物特征、药物开发和临床规范奠定了基础。然而，目前大多数发现都是基于欧洲血统的数据。作者展示了大规模基因组研究中多元、多种族参与者的价值。
“人口结构”项目利用基因组学和流行病学（PAGE）研究，对49839名非欧洲个体进行了26种临床和行为表型的GWAS。
利用专为分析多种族和混合人群而设计的策略，作者描述了一个分析不同人群的框架，在已知的位点识别27个新位点和38个次级信号，并复制了1444个与这些特征相关联的GWAS目录。
研究数据表明，对于已发表的GWAS关联，跨祖先的效应大小异质性是有证据的，使用不同的群组和对临床意义的洞察进行精细映射，将带来巨大的好处。
在美国，少数族裔人群承受着更高的慢性病负担，在遗传研究中缺乏多样性人群的代表性，将导致那些疾病负担最重的人群在精准医疗的方面出现不公平。作者强烈主张在不同人群中继续开展大规模的全基因组努力，以最大限度地做出基因发现并减少健康差异。
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have laid the foundation for investigations into the biology of complex traits,drug development and clinical guide lines. However, the majority of discovery efforts are based on data from populations of European ancestry. Here we demonstrate the value of perse, multi-ethnic participants in large-scale genomic studies. The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study conducted a GWAS of 26 clinical and behavioural phenotypes in 49,839 non-European inpiduals. Using strategies tailored for analysis of multi-ethnic and admixed populations, we describe a framework for analysing perse populations, identify 27 novel loci and 38 secondary signals at knownloci, as well as replicate 1,444 GWAS catalogue associations across these traits. Our data show evidence of effect-size heterogeneity across ancestriesfor published GWAS associations, substantial benefits for fine-mapping using perse cohorts and insights into clinical implications. In the United States—where minority populations have a disproportionately higher burden of chronic conditions 13—the lack of representation of perse populations in genetic research will result in in equitable access to precision medicine for those with the highest burden of disease. We strongly advocate for continued, large genome-wide efforts in perse populations to maximize genetic discovery and reduce health disparities.
生物学Biology
Pluripotency and the origin of animal multicellularity
多能性与动物多细胞性的起源
作者：Shunsuke Sogabe, William L. Hatleberg, Bernard M. Degnan, etc.
链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1290-4
摘要：
关于动物起源的一种普遍存在但很少被证实的假说是，它们是从一个单细胞祖先进化而来的，其顶端纤毛周围有一个微绒毛项圈，在结构上类似于现代海绵动物领细胞和领鞭毛虫。
作者通过比较三种主要海绵细胞类型（领细胞、多能间充质领细胞和扁上皮细胞）的转录组、命运和行为，来检验这一动物起源的观点。
出乎意料的是，作者发现领细胞的转录组与领鞭毛虫的转录组最不相似，而且其转录组中含有大量动物或海绵动物独有的基因。
相比之下，多能间充质领细胞，包括一个群居的领鞭毛虫，会上调控制细胞增殖和基因表达的基因，正如在其他后生动物干细胞中，以及在两个单细胞全虫的增殖阶段一样。
这些分析反驳了海绵领细胞和领鞭毛虫的同源性，以及认为最早的多细胞动物是简单的细胞球，其分化能力有限的观点。相反，研究结果与第一个动物细胞能够以类似于现代转分化和干细胞的方式在多种状态之间转换相一致。
Abstract
A widely held—but rarely tested—hypothesis for the origin of animals is that they evolved from a unicellular ancestor, with an apical cilium surrounded by a microvillar collar, that structurally resembled modern sponge choanocytes and choanoflagellates. Here we test this view of animal origins by comparing the transcriptomes, fates and behaviours of the three primary sponge cell types—choanocytes, pluripotent mesenchymalar chaeocytes and epithelial pinacocytes—with choanoflagellates and other unicellular holozoans. Unexpectedly, we find that the transcriptome of sponge choanocytes is the least similar to the transcriptomes of choanoflagellates and is significantly enriched in genes unique to either animals or sponges alone. By contrast, pluripotent archaeocytes upregulate genes that control cell proliferation and gene expression, as in other metazoan stem cells and in the proliferating stages of two unicellular holozoans, including a colonial choanoflagellate. Together, these analyses argue against homology of sponge choanocytes and choanoflagellates, and the view that the first multicellular animals were simple balls of cells with limited capacity to differentiate. Instead, our results are consistent with the first animal cell being able to transition between multiple states in a manner similar to modern transdifferentiating and stemcells.
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